TOEFL, AGREEMENT, AND DISAGREEMENT

TOEFL

1.       It is difficult to get used to sleep in a tent after having a soft,
          comfortable bed to lay on.

          To sleep  diganti menjadi to sleeping

2.       Marry usually arrives at the office at nine o’clock, but because the storm,

          she was two hours  late.

          Because di ganti menjadi because of

3.       Many exited women could seen at the departemen store sale.

          Could seen diganti menjadi could be seen

4.       He likes her new job very much and works hard.

          Her diganti menjadi his

5.       No one would have attended the lecture if you told the truth the guest speaker.

6.       He did not attend the meeting last week, and either i do.

7.       Bess is used to fly after having crossed the continent many times
          during the past decade.

          To fly diganti menjadi flying

8.       Sam used to living in Oklahoma, but his company had him transferred to be a

         better position in Georgia.

        Living diganti menjadi live

9.   The president went fishing after he has finished with the conference.

       Has finished diganti menjadi has finish

10. He did not attend the meeting last week, and neither i do.

      Neither i do diganti menjadi neither do i

11.  Anybody who plans to attend the meeting ought send a short note to the chairperson.

      Ought send diganti menjadi modals

12.  No one in our office wants to drive to work any more because of there are always

       traffic jams at rush hour.

      Because of diganti menjadi because

AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT

Expressing Agreement and Disagreement (ungkapan tentang setuju dan tidak setuju) adalah cara kita meminta persetujuan dan pertidaksetujuan atau dengan kata lain kita mengekpresikannya dalam bahsa inggris.

Ada banyak kalimat yangdapat kita gunakan untuk menyatakan setuju atau tidak setuju,berikut contoh dari agreement dan disagreement :

A.   Agreement (ungkapan setuju)

        §   I  agree (saya setuju)

                §  I agree with you (saya setuju dengan anda)

                §  That's so true (benar sekali)

                §  Exactly (tepat sekali)

                §  I am with you (saya sependapat dengan anda)

                §  No  doubt about it (tidak ada keraguan mengenai hal itu)     

              

B.   Disagreement (ungkapan tidak setuju)

§  I don't think so (saya rasa tidak..)

§  I totally disagree (saya sangat tidak setuju)

§  That's not always true (itu tak selalu benar)

§  Not necessarily (itu tidak penting)

§  I beg to differ (saya ingin berpendapat berbeda)

§  No,I'm not sure about that (tidak,saya tidak yakin dengan hal itu)

C. UNGKAPAN LAIN UNTUK DISAGREEMENT

Disamping ungkapan-ungkapan diatas, dapat juga seperti :

§  I don’t entirely agree with....

§  I see what you mean, but...

§  A agree, but...

§  Yes, but on the other hand....

§  Yes, but don’t you think....

SUMBER :

http://kumpulan-tugas-sekolahku.blogspot.com/2012/07/expressing-agreement-and-disagreement.html

Passive Voice

Passive Voice

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

Conditional Sentences ( If-Clauses Type I, II and III )

Conditional Sentences ( If-Clauses Type I, II and III )

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

TOEFL (Perbaikan)

2. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement.

Revise : Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement

3. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter. 

Revise: These televisions are all too expensive for us to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.

4. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

 Revise : After she had bought herself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

5. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the proposal.

Revise : The next important question we have to decide is when we have to submit the proposal

6. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Mario hasn’t neither.

 Revise : George has not completed the assignment yet, and Mario has neither.

 7. Jhon decide to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

Revise : Jhon decide to buy a new car in the morning a new car but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

 8. Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others ones. 

Revise : Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs

much more sunlight than the others one.

 9. After George had returned to his house, he was reading a book.

Revise : After George returned to his house, he read a book.

 10. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has been as widely eccepted as this one.

Revise : Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but no one have been as widely eccepted as this one.

11. The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.

Revise : The food that Mark’s cooking in the kitchen is smells delicious.

12. After Jhon eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

Revise : After Jhon had dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

13. The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal. 

Revise : The manager has finish on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

14. Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

Revise : Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work themselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

 15. Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able to attend the concert.

 Revise : Daniel said that if he had to do anymore homework tonight, he would not to attend the concert.

16. After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable.

Revise : After taking the medication, the patient become drowsy and more manageable.

 17. We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place. 

Revise : We insist on your are leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place

18. It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, isn’t it?

 Revise : It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, hasn’t it?

19. Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does so. Revise : Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does too.

 20. Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation. 

Revise : Rita enjoyed being able to meet several members of congress during her vacation

21. After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided find another attorney. 

Revise : After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided to find another attorney.

22. Harry’s advisor persuaded his taking several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

Revise : Harry’s advisor persuaded him to take several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

 23. The only teacher who were required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me. 

Revise : The only teacher who required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and I .

24. The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer. 

Revise : The work performed by these officers is  not worth our paying them.

25. The president went fishing after he has finished with the conferences. 

Revise : The president went fishing after he had finished with the conferences.

26. Peter and Tom plays tennis every afternoon with Mary and me. 

Revise : Peter and Tom play tennis every afternoon with Mary and me.

TOEFL

2. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement.
Revise : Because they had spent many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement

3. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.  
Revise: These televisions are all too expensive for us to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.

4. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.
 Revise : After she had bought herself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

5. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the proposal.
Revise : The next important question we have to decide is when we have to submit the proposal

6. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Mario hasn’t neither.
 Revise : George has not completed the assignment yet, and Mario hasn’t too.

 7. Jhon decide to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.
Revise : Jhon decide to buy a new car in the morning, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

 8. Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others ones.  
Revise : Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs
much more sunlight than the others one.

 9. After George had returned to his house, he was reading a book.
Revise : After George returned to his house, he was reading a book.

 10. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has been as widely eccepted as this one.
Revise : Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but no one has been as widely eccepted as this one.

11. The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.
Revise : The food that Mark’s cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.

12. After Jhon eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.
Revise : After Jhon dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

13. The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.  
Revise : The manager has finished on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

14. Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan. 
Revise : Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work them, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

 15. Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able to attend the concert.
 Revise : Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not to attend the concert.
16. After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable.
Revise : After to take the medication, the patient become drowsy and more manageable.

 17. We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place.  
Revise : We insist on you are leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place

18. It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, isn’t it?
 Revise : It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, hasn’t it?

19. Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does so. Revise : Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon too.

 20. Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation.  
Revise : Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation

21. After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided find another attorney.  
Revise : After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided found another attorney.

22. Harry’s advisor persuaded his taking several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.
Revise : Harry’s advisor persuaded him to take several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

 23. The only teacher who were required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me.  
Revise : The only teacher who required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me.

24. The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer.  
Revise : The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them.

25. The president went fishing after he has finished with the conferences.  
Revise : The president went fishing after he had finished with the conferences.

26. Peter and Tom plays tennis every afternoon with Mary and me.  
Revise : Peter and Tom playing tennis every afternoon with Mary and me.

 27. There were a time that I used to swim five laps every day, but now I do not have enough time. Revise : There was a time that I used to swim five laps every day, but now I do not have enough time.

Noun, Adjective, Adverb. Modals. Gerund to Infinitive

1. Noun (Kata Benda) Noun (kata benda) adalah suatu kata yang menunjukkan nama orang, nama tempat, atau nama suatu benda atau segala sesuatu yang dibendakan. 1. Sebagai Subyek (Pokok kalimat). Kata benda sebagai subyek terletak sebelum kata kerja (verb), baik kata kerja biasa, seperti : to run, to say, to buy, atau kata kerja to be, yaitu : am, are, is, was, dan were. Contoh kata benda sebagai subyek adalah : • Mira cries. (Mira menangis) • The boy goes to school everyday. (Anak laki-laki itu pergi ke sekolah setiap hari) • Aldi is a soldier. (Aldi adalah seorang tentara) 2. Sebagai Obyek (Penderita). Kata benda sebagai obyek terletak sesudah kata kerja (Verb) atau sesudah Preposition (kata depan). Contoh kata benda sebagai obyek : • She go to the market. (Dia pergi ke pasar) • My mother makes a cake. (Ibuku membuat sebuah kue) • I am a student. (Saya adalah seorang pelajar). CONCRETE NOUNS, atau dalam bahasa indonesia disebut kata benda konkret, maksudnya adalah benda-benda yang dapat dilihat, dapat diraba. Contohnya: meja (table), kursi (chair), phone, computer, dan sebagainya. Concrete Noun terbagi dalam 4 (empat) jenis, yaitu : 1. Proper Noun (Kata Benda Nama Diri). Proper Noun adalah kata benda yang menunjukkan nama, seperti nama orang, negara, kota, sekolah, perusahaan, nama tempat, atau nama sesuatu tertentu. Pada umumnya proper noun ditulis dengan huruf besar (kapital) pada huruf awalnya. Contoh : George, Maria (nama orang), Japan, Netherland (nama negara), Tokyo, Paris (nama kota), Indonesia University, Gajah Mada University (nama sekolah), CV. Cipta Media (nama perusahaan) dan lain-lain. Proper Noun (Kata Benda Nama Diri) ini tidak boleh menggunakan Article (Kata Sandang), yaitu : the, a, dan an. Misalnya : • The George is a lawyer. (salah) • George is a lawyer. (benar) • I am studying in the Indonesia University. (salah) • I am studying in Indonesia University (benar) 2. Common Noun (Kata Benda Umum). Common Noun adalah kata benda yang menunjukkan suatu benda secara umum atau tidak tertentu. Contoh : Lawyer (pengacara), Teacher (guru), Pensil (pensil), Eraser (penghapus), Shop (toko), Market (pasar), Boy (anak laki-laki), Island (pulau), River (sungai), dan lain-lain. Misalnya pencil (pensil) adalah sebutan benda secara umum, karena secara khusus ada blue pencil (pensil biru), short pencil (pensil pendek) dan lain-lain. Common Noun (Kata Benda Umum) selalu memakai Article (Kata Sandang) seperti : the, a atau an. Contoh : • Lawyer is my brother. (salah) • The lawyer is my brother. (benar) • I saw boy in the park. (salah) • I saw the boy in the park. (benar) Jika Common Noun tidak memakai Article (Kata Sandang) di depannya, maka common noun akan memiliki arti luas, dan kadang-kadang artinya berubah. Contoh : a. I saw boy in the park. (Saya melihat anak laki-laki di dalam taman) Tentu saja boy disini mempunyai arti luas dan banyak, tidak hanya satu orang saja. b. I saw the boy in the park. (Saya melihat anak laki-laki itu di dalam taman.) Antara pembicara dan yang diajak bicara telah mengerti bahwa hanya ada seorang anak laki-laki yang mereka bicarakan. Tetapi, ada juga Common Noun yang selalu tidak memakai Article (Kata Sandang), antara lain : • a box of pencils. (Sekotak pensil) • by bus. (Naik bis) • shake hands. (Bersalaman) 3. Collective Noun (Kata Benda Kolektif). Collective Noun adalah kata benda yang menyatakan suatu kumpulan atau kelompok. Contoh : Audience (hadirin), Team (tim), Fleet (armada), Cattle (kawanan ternak), Crowd (keramaian orang), Parliament (parlemen), dan lain-lain. Collective Noun merupakan benda jamak (lebih dari satu) meskipun collective noun menggunakan kata sandang a atau an. Jadi, jika menggunakan collective noun dalam kalimat harus dianggap sebagai benda jamak (plural). Oleh sebab itu, kata kerjanya (verb) harus berbentuk jamak, yaitu tanpa penambahan s/es untuk verb-biasa dan memakai to be are untuk verb-tobe. Contoh : • The audience give hilarious applaus to the magician. (Para hadirin memberikan tepuk tangan yang meriah kepada pesulap itu) • b. My class are studying English now. (Kelasku sedang belajar bahasa Inggris sekarang) Jika collective noun dianggap sebagai satu kesatuan, maka kata kerjanyanya harus tunggal (singular), yaitu dengan penambahan s/es dan memakai to be is untuk verb-tobe. Contoh : • The audience gives hilarious applaus to the magician. (Hadirin memberikan tepuk tangan yang meriah kepada pesulap itu)My class is studying English now. (Kelasku sedang belajar bahasa Inggris sekarang) 4. Material Noun (Kata Benda Material). Material Noun adalah kata benda yang menyatakan bahan, baik itu bahan mentah atau bahan baku, barang tambang dan sejenisnya. Contoh : Silver (perak), Gold (emas), Copper (tembaga), Bronze (perunggu), Iron (besi), Diamond (intan), Water (air), dan lain-lain Material Noun dapat digunakan dengan Article the, tetapi tidak dapat digunakan dengan Article a atau an. Contoh : • I found a gold on that hill. (salah) • I found the gold on that hill. (benar) B. ABSTRACT NOUN (Kata Benda Abstrak) Abstract Noun adalah kata benda yang tidak berwujud, tidak dapat dilihat, dan tidak dapat diraba, tetapi hanya dapat dibayangkan. Contoh : Association (perkumpulan), Application (lamaran), Confidience (kepercayaan), Kindness (kebaikan hati), Friendship (Persahabatan), dan lain-lain. Abstract Noun dapat dibentuk dari kata kerja (Verb), kata sifat (Adjective), dan bahkan kata benda itu sendiri (Noun). 1. Yang berasal dari Kata Kerja (Verb). a. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -ance, -ence pada kata kerja. differ (membedakan) —> difference (perbedaan) admit (mengakui) —> admitance (pengakuan) enter (masuk) —> enterance (jalan masuk) obey (mematuhi) —> obedience (kepatuhan) hinder (menghalangi) —> hinderance (halangan) attend (menghadiri) —> attendance (kehadiran) b. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -y pada kata kerja. deliver (mengirim) —> delivery (kiriman) injure (melukai) —> injury (luka) discover (menemukan) —> discovery (temuan) recover (penyembuhan) —> recovery (kesembuhan) c. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -ation, -cation, -ition pada kata kerja. apply (melamar) —> applycation (lamaran) compose (mengarang) —> composition (karangan) repeat (mengulangi) —> repetition (pengulangan) expect (mengharap) —> expectation (harapan) compete (bersaing) —> competition (persaingan) admire (mengagumi) —> admiration (kekaguman d. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -ment pada kata kerja. manage (mengurus) —>management (pengurusan) engage (bertunangan) —> engagement (pertunangan) argue (berdebat) —> argument (perdebatan) measure (mengukur) —> measurement (ukuran) judge (memutuskan) —> Judgement (keputusan) e. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -t pada kata kerja. fly (terbang) —> flight (penerbangan) complain (mengeluh) —> complaint (keluhan) deceive (menipu) —> deceit (penipuan) contain (berisi) —> content (isi) descend (turun) —> descent (keturunan) f. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -ion atau -tion pada kata kerja. associate (mengumpulkan) —> association (perkumpulan) correct (membetulkan) —> correction (pembetulan) collect (mengumpulkan) —> collection (kumpulan) nominate (mencalonkan) —> nomination (pencalonan) act (bertindak) —> action (tindakan) connect (menghubungkan) —> connection (hubungan) g. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -al pada kata kerja. arrive (datang) —> arrival (kedatangan) approve (mengesahkan) —> approval (pengesahan) propose (mengusulkan) —> proposal (usulan) h. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -ure, -ture, -ature pada kata kerja. furnish (melengkapi) —> furniture (perlengkapan) sign (menandai) —> signature (tanda tangan) please (menyenangkan) —> pleasure (kesenangan) i. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -age pada kata kerja. carry (membawa) —> carriage (pengangkutan) pack (membungkus) —> package (bungkusan) j. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -ery, -ary pada kata kerja. rob (merampok) —> robbery (perampokan) bribe (menyuap) —> bribery (penyuapan) k. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -er, -or, -ar, -ist, -ant, -int pada kata Kerja. beg (meminta) —> beggar (pengemis) compose (mengarang) —> composer (pengarang) dance (menari) —> dancer (penari) direct (mengarahkan) —> director (direktur) drive (mengemudi) —> driver (pengemudi) dust (menghapus) —> duster (penghapus) farm (bertani) —> farmer (petani) • Bentuk di atas dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Agent Noun atau kata benda yang menunjukkan pelaku. l. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -ing pada kata kerja. meet (menemui) —> meeting (pertemuan) sing (bernyanyi) —> singing (nyanyian) train (melatih) —> training (latihan) begin (memulai) —> beginning (permulaan) build (membangun) —> building (bangunan) m. Abstrak Noun yang berbentuk sama dengan kata kerja. help (menolong) —> help (pertolongan) love (mencintai) —> love (cinta) brush (menyikat) —> brush (sikat) bribe (menyogok) —> bribe (uang sogok) call (memanggil) —> call (panggilan) drink (minum) —> drink (minuman) desire (menginginkan) —> desire (keinginan) debate (mendebat) —> debate (pendapatan) play (bermain) —> play (permainan) work (bekerja) —> work (pekerjaan) walk (berjalan) —> walk (jalan kaki) 2. Yang berasal dari Kata Sifat (Adjective). a. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -ness pada kata sifat. ill (sakit) —> illness (penyakit) kind (baik) —> kindness (kebaikan) rude (kasar) —> rudeness (kekasaran) sick (sakit) —> sickness (penyakit) dull (bodoh) —> dullness (kebodohan) b. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -y, -ty, -ity pada kata sifat. oppotune (harapan) —> opportunity (kesempatan) cruel (kejam) —> cruelty (kekejaman) beatiful (cantik) —> beauty (kecantikan) honest (jujur) —> honesty (kejujuran) c. Kata Sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf -t diganti dengan huruf -ce atau -cy. efficient (guna) —> Effisience (kegunaan) distant (jarak) —> distance (jaraknya) patient (sabar) —> patience (kesabaran) 3. Yang berasal dari Kata Benda (Noun). a. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -ship pada kata benda. partner (rekan) —> partnership (rekanan) champion (juara) —> championship (kejuaraan) friend (sahabat) —> friendship (persahabatan) b. Dengan menambahkan akhira -hood pada kata benda. brother (saudara) —> brotherhood (persaudaraan) c. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -cy, -ancy atau -ency pada kata benda. agent (agen) —> agency (agen) bankrupt (bangkrut) —> bankruptcy (kebangkrutan) d. Dengan menambahkan akhiran -an atau -ian pada kata benda. library (perpustakaan) —> librarian (pustakawan) Indonesia (Indonesia) —> Indonesian (orang Indonesia) music (musik) —> musician (musikus) 4. Abstrac Noun yang bentuknya tidak menurut aturan-aturan di atas. high (tinggi) —> height (tingginya) long (panjang) —> lenght (panjangnya) ambitious (ambisius) —> mmbition (cita-cita) live (hidup) —> life (kehidupan) know (tahu) —> knowledge (pengetahuan) laugh (tertawa) —> laughter (tertawa) SUMBER: http://bahasainggris.net/belajar/05-nouns-atau-kata-benda srudyhariyono.wordpress.com/countable-uncountable-noun-kata-benda-dapat- dihitung-tak-dapat-dihitung/ Adjective (Kata Sifat) dan Adverb (Kata Keterangan) Adjective (kata sifat) memberikan informasi tentang kata benda. Contoh: • She’s an excellent dancer. • I’ve got a new apartment. Adverb (kata keterangan) merubah kata kerja, yakni kata keterangan menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu dilakukan. Contoh: - She learns quickly. - You can speak English well. Adjective (kata sifat) Adjective bisa ditempatkan sebelum kata benda. Contoh: • This is a beautiful bird. • “This is a bird beautiful.” tidak benar. Kata sifat memberikan informasi seperti ukuran (kecil, besar), bentuk (bulat, persegi), warna (kuning, hijau), kebangsaan (Cina, Polandia), dan opini (baik, buruk). Adjective tidak mengalami perubahan yang tergantung pada jumlah (tunggal atau jamak). Contoh: • She has a cute puppy. • She has three cute puppies. Perhatikan bahwa adjective (cute) tidak mengalami perubahan baik dalam bentuk tunggal (puppy) maupun jamak (puppies). Adjective juga bisa ditempatkan setelah kata kerja tertentu seperti be, feel, look, dan taste. Contoh: • I’m really happy today. • She’s got a new job so she feels great. • You look wonderful! • This chicken tastes delicious. Adverb (kata keterangan) Adverb sering dibentuk dengan menambahkan -ly di belakang adjective. Contoh: • quick (adjective) - He’s quick at learning new things. • quickly (adverb) - He learns quickly. • bad (adjective) - He didn’t get a bad test score. • badly (adverb) - He didn’t do badly in his test. Untuk adverb yang terbentuk dari adjective yang berakhiran dengan huruf “-y”ganti “-y” dengan “-i” dan tambahkan “-ly“. Contoh: • easy (adjective) - He thinks math is easy. • easily (adverb) - He can do math easily. • happy (adjective) - He’s a happy man. • happily (adverb) - He works happily every day. Untuk adverb yang terbentuk dari adjective yang berakhiran dengan huruf “-le” ganti “-le” dengan “-ly“. Contoh: • simple (adjective) - The teacher makes difficult things simple. • simply (adverb) - He teaches simply and clearly. Beberapa adverb sama dengan adjective. Contoh: • He runs fast (adverb) - He’s a fast runner. (adjective) • He studies hard. (adverb) - It’s a hard life. (adjective) Adverb untuk “good” adalah “well“. Contoh: • She’s a good pianist. • She plays the piano well. Adverb juga bisa mengubah adjective dan adverb-adverb lainnya. Contoh: • That’s a good book. • That’s a very good book. • She’s a talented girl. • She’s an incredibly talented girl. • You’re right! • You’re absolutely right! SUMBER : http://englishonline.blogdetik.com/2009/08/12/adjective-dan-adverb-kata-sifat-dan-kata-keterangan/ 2. Modals modals adalah kata-kata seperti “can”, “could”, “must”, “should”, “may”, dan “might”. Kata “can”bentuk lampaunya “could“, berarti “dapat” atau “bisa”. Sementara “must” memiliki arti “harus”; “should” berarti “seharusnya”; dan “may” dengan bentuk lampau “might” berarti “boleh”. Bentuk kalimat dengan modals sama persis dengan bentuk pola future. Cara pembentukannya dalam kalimat, kita tinggal memperlakukan modals sebagaimana kita menggunakan “will“. Untuk memahami penggunaanmodals dalam kalimat, perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut: 1. Saya dapat berbicara bahasa Jepang. I can speak Japanese. 2. Mereka tidak dapat menulis dalam bahasa Inggris. They cannot write in English. 3. Kami harus mematuhi peraturan-peraturan mereka. We must obey their rules. 4. Kami tidak boleh merokok di ruangan ini. We must not smoke in the room. 5. Tom seharusnya mengambil kesempatan itu. Tom should take the chance. 6. Kita seharusnya tidak datang ke sini. We should not come here. 7. Kamu boleh pulang sekarang. You may go home now. 8. Kamu tidak boleh tidur larut malam. You may not go to bed late. Tampak pada contoh nomor 4 dan 8, kata “tidak boleh” diartikan berbeda dalam bahasa Inggris. Hal ini disebabkan oleh makna yang juga berbeda. Contoh kalimat nomor 4 bermakna larangan, sehingga kata “tidak boleh” dapat diganti dengan “dilarang”. Sedangkan contoh kalimat nomor 8 bukan bermakna larangan jika diartikan dengan “may not“. Kata “tidak boleh” ini bermakna memperingatkan. Lebih dari itu, kata “must” memiliki persamaan dengan kata yang lain, yaitu “have to“. Kata ini juga berati “harus” jika diikuti dengan kata kerja bentuk pertama (VI). Kata “have” dalam “have to” dapat berbentuk “has” (jika subyeknya tunggal), atau “had” (dalam bentuk past). Lihat contoh-contoh kalimatnya berikut ini: 1. Kami harus pergi sekarang. We have to go now. 2. Saya harus menyimpan buah-buahan itu dalam lemari es. I have to keep the fruits in the fridge. 3. Dudun tidak harus membuat laporan itu. Dudun does not have to make the report. 4. Apakah mereka harus membaca buku itu? Do they have to read the book? Makna keharusan dari “must” lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan “have to“. Kata “must” digunakan dalam kalimat yang menyatakan sesuatu benar-benar harus dilakukan, sementara “have to” bukan merupakan keharusan yang mutlak. SUMBER : http://englishterminal.com/kalimat-dengan-modals-dan-have-to/ 3. Gerund to Infinitive GERUND Gerund adalah sebuah bentuk –ing pada sebuah verb yang ‘dibendakan’ (digunakan sebagai benda). Gerund ini penggunaannya seperti benda (noun). Fungsinya ada beberapa: 1. Sebagai subjek. Eg : Writing is very much good. 2. Sebagai objek yang mengikuti kata kerja. Eg: I like writing very much 3. Sebagai objek yang mengikuti kata depan. Eg : I’m interested in writing. 4. Mengikuti kata go untuk verb-verb tertentu. Eg : Chris went swimming the day before yesterday. 5. Mengikuti expressions. Eg : She is lying on the bed watching TV. 6. Mengikuti prepositional object, seperti : to be used to, to be accustomed to, object to, look forward to, to take to, confess to. Eg : I object to doing that, Emile confess to stealing that cheese. 7. Membentuk noun phrase (frasa berupa kata benda). Eg : reading book, lying egg, boiling water, boring Dave, dll. gerund” adalah “verb” dalam bentuk “present participle” seperti “swimming”, walking, listening, etc” Pada kalimat “I like swimming” “swimming” adalah “gerund”. Sama sekali tidak berkaitan dgn sedang berenang. INFINITIVES Infinitives adalah bentuk “to” yang ditambahkan pada kata kerja. Fungsinya: 1. Sebagai subjek. Eg : To sing is hard for a person like me. 2. Menerangkan tujuan. Eg : Simon comes here just to see you. 3. Untuk kalimat passive. Eg : I was told to be mature. 4. Setelah objek pelaku. Eg : Brian asked me to listen to him closely. Christine get Theo not to run away from home. “infinitive” adalah “verb” dlm bentuk dasar digabung dgn “to” Pada kalimat “I forgotto buy milk,” “to buy” adalah infinitive. PERBEDAAN GERUND DAN INFINITIVE Mengikuti verb tertentu “yang berbeda” • Verbs yang diikuti gerund: avoid, admit, appreciate, anticipate, continue, deny, detest, delay, enjoy, excuse, finish, forgive, fancy, keep, mind, postpone, prevent, risk, resist. • Sedangkan, verb yang diikuti infinitive : ask, allow, advice, beg, decide, expect, hope, intend, invite, instruct, learn, mean, need, purpose, promise, permit, want, warn, would like, tell, teach, urge. Perbedaan Makna Ada kata kerja yang bisa diikuti ing (gerund) atau diawali to (infinitive) yang tidak berbeda makna (jadi bisa bebas kita gunakan). Yaitu : advise, begin, continue, dislike, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start. Namun ada kata yang bila digunakan dalam bentuk gerund akan berbeda makna dengan yang dalam bentuk infinitive, yaitu forget, remember, stop, regret. Contoh : • I forget cooking a bowl soup for you (si “I” lupa kalau dia sudah memasak sup untuk “you”) • I forget to cook a bowl soup for you (si “I” lupa, dan belum memasak sup untuk “you”) • The chef stops cooking (si chef berhenti masak) • The chef stops to cook (si chef berhenti untuk memasak) SUMBER : http://adekfi.wordpress.com/2011/03/12/membedakan-gerund-dan-to-infinitive/ http://binsaregc.wordpress.com/2010/09/23/perbedaan-penggunaan-infinitive-gerund/

16 Tenses dan Pronount

A. Simple Present Tenses Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, kebiasaan atau kebenaran yang hakiki. Karena sering menyangkut kejadian diwaktu lamapu, sekarang dan akan datang, Tenses ini paling sedikit mempunyai keterangan waktu tertentu. Kalimat-kalimat bahasa inggris umumnya harus mempunyai subject (s) dan predicate (p). karena itu semua Tenses akan dipormulasi seperti itu. Rumus: +) Subject + tobe + verb I + Main verb +) Subject + verb I + (s/es) Contoh:  She is beautiful (dia cantik)  Is she beautiful? (apakah dia cantik?)  She is not beautiful (dia tidak cantik) A.Simple Present Tense dipakai ketika: • Kejadiannya bersifat umum, atau • Terjadi sepanjang waktu, atau kebiasaan di masa lampau, sekarang dan masa yang akan datang, atau • Kejadiannya tidak hanya terjadi sekarang, atau • Bersifat kebenaran umum, yang orang lain tidak dapat menyangkal lagi akan kebenarannya. B. Present Continuous Tense Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang benar-benar sedang dilakukan saat ini. Kalimat-kalimat dalam Tenses ini lebih sering dipakai dari pada present Tenses. Rumus: Subject + tobe (is, am, are) + kata kerja + ing Tense ini dipakai untuk menjelaskan tentang: • Kejadian yang sedang terjadi sekarang, atau kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang. Contoh : +) She is cooking in the kitchen. (dia sedang memasak di dapur) -) She is not cooking in the kitchen. (dia tidak sedang memasak di dapur) ?) is she cooking in the kitchen? (apakah dia sedang memasak di dapur?) C. Present Perfect Tense Rumus: Subject + have + past participle (kata kerja bentuk ke-3) Tense ini digunakan untuk: • Pengalaman • Perubahan • Situasi yang berkelanjutan atau untuk menunjukkan suatu peristiwa yang selesai pada waktu yang singkat (baru selesai). Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimatnya berikut ini: +) they have met me (mereka sudah menemui saya) ?) have they met me? (apakah mereka sudah menemui saya?) -) they have not met me ( mereka tidak menemui saya) D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Rumus: Subject + have/has + been + kata kerja + ing Kita menggunakan tense ini untuk menjelaskan: • Satu kejadian/kegiatan yang baru saja berlangsung • Satu perbuatan yang berlangsung hingga sekarang (pada saat bicara masih terjadi) Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut: +) They have been playing basketball. (mereka telah sedang bermain bola basket) -) They have not been playing basketball. (mereka telah tidak sedang bermain bola basket) ?) Have they been playing basketball? (apakah mereka telah sedang bermain bola basket?) E. Simple Past Tense Rumus Kalimat Positif: Subject + kata kerja bentuk ke-2 Rumus Kalimat Negatif : Subject + did + not + kata kerja bentuk ke-1 Rumus Kalimat Tanya: Did + subject + kata kerja bentuk ke-1 Pengecualian: Ketika Predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka pengganti kata kerja tersebut adalah was (I, she, he, it) dan were (we, you, they). Kapan kita memakai Simple Past Tense? Kita memakai Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang satu perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut: +) They were student last year (mereka pelajar tahun lalu) -) They were not student last year (mereka bukan pelajar tahun lalu) ?) Were they student last year? (Apakah mereka pelajar tahun lalu?) F. Past Continuous Tense Rumus: subject + was, were + Kata Kerja + ing Kapan kita menggunakan tense ini? Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan atau kejadian pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Contoh: +) We were joking. -) We were not joking. ?) Were we joking? G. Past Perfect Tense Rumus: had + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke - 3 Kapan kita menggunakan Past Perfect Tense? Tense ini mengekspresikan tindakan di masa lalu sebelum tindakan lain terjadi, namun kejadiannya di masa lampau. Perhatikan: +) I had listen the radio when you come here (aku sudah mendengar radio sebelum kamu datang) H. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Rumus: Subject + had + been + kata kerja + ing Kapan Kita menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous Tense? Tense ini sama pemakaiannya dengan Past Perfect Tense, namun mengekspresikan tindakan-tindakan yang lebih lama di masa lampau sebelum tindakan lain terjadi. Perhatikan: She had been helping me when they went to school (dia telah sedang membantu saya ketika mereka telah pergi ke sekolah) I. Simple Future Tense Rumus: subject + WILL/SHALL + Kata Kerja Bentuk I Kapan kita mengunakan Simple Future Tense? a. Tidak Ada Rencana Sebelumnya atau Menyatakan perbuatan/kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang contoh : • Hold on. I will get a pencil. b. Prediksi Contoh: • It will rain tomorrow. KALIMAT NON-VERBAL Ketika predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka gunakan be untuk menggantikan kata kerja tersebut. Contoh: • I‘ll be in London tomorrow. Catatan: Ketika kita mempunyai rencana atau keinginan untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan di masa yang akan datang, maka gunakan be going to atau Present Continuous Tense untuk menggantikan will/shall. J. Future Continuous Tense Rumus: subject + WILL + BE + Kata Kerja + ing Kapan kita menggunakan Future Continuous Tense? Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan yang akan terjadi di waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang. Contoh: He will be teaching me at eight tomorrow (dia akan sedang mengajar saya pada jam delapan besok) K. Future Perfect Tense Rumus: subject + WILL + HAVE + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke 3 Kapan Kita Menggunakan Future Perfect Tense? Tense ini kita pakai untuk menggambarkan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang sebelum kegiatan lain terjadi. Contoh: They will be tired when they arrive. (mereka akan telah lelah ketika mereka datang) L. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Rumus: Subject + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + Kata Kerja I + ing Kapan kita memakai Future Perfect Continuous Tense? Kita menggunakan Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang suatu tindakan/kegiatan yang panjang sebelum beberapa saat di masa yang akan datang. Contoh: • He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been traveling for 24 hours. M. Past Future Tense Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan terjadi diwaktu lampau Rumus: subject + WOULD + Kata Kerja Bentuk I Contoh : She would not be at school tomorrow. (Dia tidak akan ke sekolah besok) N. Past Future Continuous Tense Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang terjadi di waktu lampau. Rumus: subject + WOULD + BE + Kata Kerja + ing Contoh: We would be having dinner at home yesterday (kita akan sedang makan malam di rumah kemarin) O. Past Future Perfect Tense untuk menyatakan suatu prbuatan atau peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampau Rumus: subject + WOULD + HAVE + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke 3 Contoh: she would have be finished to studied if he had not been lazy (dia akan sudah tamat belajar jika dia tidak malas) P. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampau Rumus: Subject + WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + Kata Kerja I + ing Contoh: We would have been waiting long. (kita akan sudah sedang menunggu lama) KESIMPULAN Rumus Umum Tense adalah sbb: No Tenses Rumus 1. Present Simple Tense (S + V1 + dll) 2. Present Continous Tense (S + is, am, are + V-ing + dll) 3. Present Perfect Tense (S + have,has + V3 + dll) 4. Present Perfect Contiuous Tense (S + have, has + been + V-ing +dll) 5. Past Simple Tense (S+ V2 + dll) 6. Past Continuous Tense (S + was,were + V-ing + dll) 7. Past Perfect Tense (S + had + V3 + dll) 8. Past perfect Continuous Tense (S + had + been + V-ing + dll) 9. Future Simple Tense (S + will + V1 + dll) 10. Future Continuous Tense (S + will + be + V-ing+ dll) 11. Future Perfect Tense (S + will + have + V3 + dll) 12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (S + will + have + been + V-ing + dll) 13. Past Future Simple Tense (S + would + V1 + dll) 14. Past Future Continuous Tense (S+ would + be + V-ing + dll) 15. Past Future perfect Tense (S + would + have + V3 + dll) 16. Past Future Continuous Tense (S + would + have + been + V-ing+ dll) Pronount Pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang, hewan, dan benda. Bentuk-bentuk dan Contoh Pronouns 1. Personal, Possessive, Reflexive Pronouns Untuk membedakan ketiganya perhatikan tabel di bawah ini: Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Subject Object Possessive Adjective PossessivePronouns I Me My … Mine Myself You You Your … Yours Yourself They Them Their … Theirs Themselves We Us Our … Ours Ourselves He Him His … His Himself She Her Her … Hers Herself It It Its … Its Itself Contoh: I go with him to her house. (Artinya: Saya pergi dengan dia ke rumahnya) He visits our home. (Artinya: Dia mengunjungi rumah kita) Its tail is very long. (Artinya: Ekornya sangat panjang) 2. Demonstrative Pronouns (Kata Ganti Penunjuk) This = ini (digunakan untuk benda dekat tunggal), contohnya: o This is my pencil (Artinya: Ini pensil saya) o What is this? (Artinya: Apa ini?) These = ini (digunakan untuk benda dekat jamak), contohnya: o These are our cars. (Artinya: Ini adalah mobil-mobil kita) o What are these? (Artinya: Apa ini?) That = itu (digunakan untuk benda jauh tunggal), contohnya: o That is your pen. (Artinya: itu pulpen kamu) o What is that? (Artinya: Apa itu?) Those = itu (digunakan untuk benda jauh jamak), contohnya: o Those are our car. (Artinya: itu adalah mobil-mobil kita) o What are those? (Artinya: Apa itu?) 3. Indifinite Pronouns (Kata Ganti Benda Tak Tentu) Each = setiap, tiap-tiap, masing-masing Contoh: I have two watches, each costs Rp. 200.000,- (Artinya: Saya punya dua jam tangan, masing-masing seharga Rp. 200.000,-) One atau Ones = yang lainnya, yang satu. Contoh: This car is new, but that one is old. (Artinya: Mobil ini baru, tetapi yang satu itu sudah tua/ lama.) Someone; Somebody; Somewhere; Anyone; Anybody; Anything; Something; Anywhere Dalam hal ini some digunakan dalam kalimat positif dan any digunakan dalam kalimat negatif, contohnya: o I left it somewhere. o I didn’t go anywhere. Each other = satu sama lain, untuk 2 orang. One another = satu sama lain, untuk lebih dari 2 orang. Contoh: o They help each other. o Love one another. Another = yang lain, untuk benda tunggal tak tentu. Others = yang lain, untuk benda jamak tak tentu. The other = yang lain, untuk benda tunggal tertentu. The others = yang lain, untuk benda jamak tertentu. Contoh: o I don’t like this pen. I want another. o These cars are very expensive. I want others. 4. Interogative Pronouns (Kata Ganti Penanya) Who = siapa (menanyakan orang sebagai subject). Contohnya: Who teaches you English? Whom = siapa (menanyakan orang sebagai object). Contohnya: Whom does she love? Whose = kepunyaan siapa Contohnya: Whose car is this? What = apa (menanyakan nama, benda, pekerjaan, atau jabatan). Contohnya: What is your name? Which = yang mana Contohnya: Which do you prefer, the tea or the coffee? Where = dimana/ kemana Contohnya: Where do you go? When = kapan Contohnya: When can you visit? Why = mengapa/ kenapa Contohnya: Why do you love me? How = bagaimana, dengan apa Contohnya: How does he teach you every day?